5.8 Ghz Laptop Based Radar System Research Paper

5.8 Ghz Laptop Based Radar System - Research Paper Example This project will involve carrying out a series of experiments during the implementation of the Radar kit. Some of the experiments will include measuring the speed of passing cars. This system contains design slides, circuit schematics with a high resolution image. The MATLAB is installed in the laptop and a code is used for every stage of the experiment. The Radar system has 3 different modes it uses to operate which include Doppler, time and range. The system contains the modulator1 which produces linear ramp to regulate the pin in the OSC1. The modulator 1 makes the system one of the most complicated radar. The linear ramping plays an important role in the system of causing OSC1 to produce a linear FM chirp. This chip transmits and receives with the desired set magnitude. The system also uses a power supply and battery pack which consists of 2 battery packs and 12VDC power analog circuits. The battery packs are 4 AA batteries with each of them producing 6V and 12V. The report also indicates the bill of materials for all equipment needed in the making of this Radar system to enable proper budgeting. This is an important aspect because being a student, they issue of finance cannot be overlooked under any circumstances. The Radar system is important because of its efficiency especially because it uses modern technology. This makes it very effective because it has a high frequency of 5.8GHz and has clear images. The reason behind choosing this project is that a laptop-based radar sensor system is capable of measuring Doppler, range and it is also able to form synthetic aperture radar images. Its frequency of 5.8GHz is different from others and the idea is new in the industry. This new idea is meant to bring revolution the sector of producing laptop that have high frequency and with improved

Dolphins as Persons Essay Example for Free

Dolphins as Persons Essay Dolphins are toothed sea mammals which closely resemble whales. There are over forty kinds of dolphins in the world and are said to be friendly to humans unlike many marine creatures. They are the most intelligent of all sea creatures and the trained ones are able to understand or decode human messages. There are cases where lost travelers have been guided by dolphins and also in other instances where some drowning victims have been saved by them. Many people have argued that dolphins should be considered as persons something that has elicited a lot of mixed reactions with some backing this argument while others strongly refute it. This paper is going to take a stand and support the claim that dolphins should be considered as persons. The first incident that left many questioning themselves as to whether dolphins should be treated as animals or persons was when two bottle-nosed dolphins from the University of Hawaiis Marine Biology department meant for experimentation were released back to the waters by La Vasseur who from a human perspective considered capturing of dolphins and keeping them in an isolated place from the rest, rationing their food and denying them the environmental conditions they enjoyed in the sea considered it as mistreatment and unethical. His argument was that these animals should be accorded some rights so as to protect them from being mistreated and he even went to an extent of asking if the Thirteen Amendment human rights could be extended to them. The ruling in this case to some extent closed the doors for dolphins to be accorded the rights they deserve by refusing the case to take a moral perspective when judge Doi termed it as pure theft (Miller and Williams, 1983; 365). There are many facts about dolphin that go unexplored or if this is not the case, they are simply ignored. If these facts are given the attention they deserve then one would be in a better position to comprehend why these animals should be treated as persons. One thing that should be known is that just like human beings, dolphins have a sense of humor. According to Blackstock (2003), dolphins try to joke by surprising unsuspecting pelicans by grabbing some feathers from its tail or inching stealthily to unsuspecting fish and grab its tail. In other cases, dolphins would be seen tricking some turtles where it would make it roll a number of times. Still in another incident, a dolphin was seen trying to bait a fish only to snatch the bait before it could be eaten thereby leaving the fish puzzled. This is indicative of possession of high intelligence as it only human beings and other primates that possess a sense of humor. Dolphins like human beings have a way of communicating. Their bodies are designed in such a manner such that they produce whistles and clicks as they swim using their nasal passages. This communication keeps them away from any danger for example, they whistle as they swim in the sea to ensure they are together. Apart from this, they maintain body contact by swimming close to one another where they can rub and hit each other with their pectoral fins. They also use their pectoral fins to greet each other just like humans use their hands and shoulders to hug one another. This is said to happen when two different dolphins come together and touch each other with their pectoral fins something that is interpreted to mean greetings (Robins Island. org. 2009). To detect whether there are dangers ahead, dolphins send ‘clicks’ into the water which if they hit a solid object such as rocks, boats, logs and other sea animals are rebuffed. By using their complex means of detecting the echo, they estimate the distance at which these objects could be located depending on the strength of the echo. Also dolphins are capable of producing whistles with different emotional tones that send specific emotional messages. A study that was done shown that when this sound was produced, other dolphins responded and behaved in a particular way. Just like a human mind which through experience acquires or gains knowledge, dolphins too can acquire knowledge. Studies that were done shown that trained dolphins have been able to mimic certain human sounds or perform some spectacular tricks that one would imagine could only be done by a human being like somersaulting in water. Having realized the level of intelligence these animals possess, the United States navy had at one time thought of training them so that they would help them in their undersea operations but it was later realized that they if they were trained, they would interfere with nuclear submarine operations. The truth is that if trained these animals are able to survey the security of the area and give the feedback before any naval operation is conducted just like humans do. The only difference between these animals is that it is their nature to stay in water and thus they are better adapted to swimming in the sea than human beings. They are able to relate well with human beings and because they are able to communicate and work with human beings in various marine operations, they should be treated as a non-human person and not like animals as this show that they think and reason just like human beings. For example, according to the Science Daily (2003), the US navies used dolphins in 2003 to detect the bombs that might have been planted by Iraq troops in the sea channel where ships carrying hospital and other war materials would pass through. The only notable difference between humans and dolphins is that one is a sea mammal while the other is a primate and thus there would no good reason as to why these animals should not be protected and accorded the rights they deserve. Using its intelligence, bottle-nosed dolphin seems to understand the value of human life and that it is why it saves swimmers from being attacked by sharks. This is something that was attested by Howe who according to New Zealand Press went to swim with his daughter and was about to be attacked by a three meter shark before he was saved by a herd of dolphins who kept it at bay (Jones, 2004). This shows that just like how human beings protect their pets, dolphins also value humans and thus treat them as their best friends. This shows that their level of intelligence is close to that of humans and thus people should awaken to the role they play in their lives and treat them like other humans. Indeed, dolphins should be treated and categorized as persons. Their level of intelligence is much close to that of human beings and they seem to understand human beings as humans do and that is why they save swimmers who are at danger of being eaten by sharks. Dolphins in some cases have worked closely with humans for example during the transportation of hospital aid to Iraq where they were used in detecting bombs set in the sea by Iraq rogues soldiers. Most of the characteristics that dolphins possess are like those of human beings for example they have a way of communicating, system of danger detection, emotion appeal or aspect and they are social animals as they stay in herds or in pairs. For these reasons dolphins’ rights should be treated and protected just like human rights are protected by the constitution. References: Blackstock, Regina. 2004, Dolphins and Man equals. Available at http://www. littletownmart. com/dolphins/ Jones, S. November 24, 2004. Dolphins save swimmers from shark. Retrieved from http://www. guardian. co. uk/science/2004/nov/24/internationalnews Miller, H. B. and Williams, W. H. 1983. Ethics and Animals. Humana Press. Robins Island. org. 2009. Facts and Information about Dolphins. Accessed from http://www. robins-island. org/dolphins_facts. php Science Daily. 3rd July, 2003. Men, Mammals, And Machines: Underwater Drone Works With Men And Dolphins. Accessed from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2003/07/030701224407. htm

Why I Hate The Mall Essay -- essays research papers

Why I Hate the Mall I hate shopping malls. No, you don't understand. I really hate shopping malls. I think sitting at the Food Court near the Burger King for one hour has served only to heighten my displeasure with these gaudy monstrosities. The only reason I'm here is because nothing else in the town of Poughkeepsie, NY. seems to catch my interest long enough for me to take notice. I got here noon-ish I think. I had to take a taxi since none of my non- pedestrian friends were willing to roll out of bed to give me a ride. "You're waking me up why? The Mall? You insane?" *click*. If there is anything in Poughkeepsie worse than the mall, it would be Poughkeepsie taxi cabs. I never understood why it is that each and every one of them have air freshners which are so putrid smelling, they make one long for the odor of a New York City cabbie's "natural cologne". After enduring ten minutes of the cabbie's "lemme tell ya what's wrong with this country", I finally get to my destination. As soon as I got there, I began to think about how sad it is that the mall has very much become a part of American life. The Chinese have their rice, we have our malls. Does anyone else see a problem with having over one-thousand of these gaudy monstrosities across the country? Despite the fact that the era of eighties-decadence has passed, the malls keep coming, and they keep getting bigger. It's like something out of an Ed Wood flick. I remember reading an article about how bad it's gotten. The largest mall in America has 425 retail shops, 4.2 million square feet of space, over 13 thousand free parking spaces, 44 escalators, and cost $625 million dollars to build. Oh, did I mention that there is a full blown amusement park in the center of it all. It's just sick. When I was in Freeport, I remember hearing a radio show which was running a contest. The prize? A trip to the largest mall in America! Pretty soon, you'll have family vacations to the mall. I can see it now. A room at the Hilton (which will be inside the mall of course). Dad goes Herman's. Mom goes to Ann Taylor. The kids romp at the amusement park. A piece out of Norman Rockwell's Americana. When I went inside, I became dizzy at the sight ... ... anything. It seems like such a tease. The kid is going to want to buy something, whether it's a new Sega game or a Matchbox car. Eventually, the woman relents and buys the sought after item. For the moment, the kid is satiated. Three boys, no more than fifteen years of age, walk into the food court. Their pants are sagging, caps turned backwards. They approach the counter at the Burger King and mull over what they're having. While ordering, they find time to hit on the cashier. She's older, and most likely out of their league, but that doesn't deter their efforts. She gives them an annoyed smile and requests the cash. They oblige and thrown in a last ditch effort to woo her. She smiles politely. The boys walk away, joshing each other about their valiant attempts. As they walk away, I've feel as though I've absorbed enough culture for one afternoon. I feel relieved to be able to go home. Once back on the safer confines of Vassar campus, I breathe a sigh of relief. It's premature though, because deep down I know. Somehow, some way, no matter how much I don't want to, I'll wind up at the Poughkeepsie Galleria soon enough.

The Technological Revolution Essay -- Technology

Due to continuous innovations, the American view of science and technology is constantly fluctuating. The ever-evolving image of science and technology in the United States is usually due to how the most recent developments in science and technology contribute, whether in a perceived positive of negative light. In times such as war, where technology essentially determines the outcome, the public’s perception of technology becomes essential, as well as the implementation of said technology. Many other factors are pertinent in determining the way the public identifies science and technology. After World War II and the evolution of nuclear weapons because of the Manhattan Project, the image of science and technology evolved in the United States for a variety of reasons. These motives include noteworthy historical events in which the technology is relevant, the mutable idea of development and popular culture and the media. After World War II, nuclear weapons dramatically grew in prominence. This omniscience of nuclear power also led to a general race to achieve technological hegemony. In 1950, only a few years after the conclusion of World War II, the Korean War began. Due to this escalation of military research because of the Korean War, â€Å"the importance of applied research in universities increased dramatically† (Hughes 113). Although universities are the premier research institutions in America, those against the war effort were appalled that such forces could simply invade universities to achieve an uncommon goal. Some, such as Alvin Weinberg, Director of the AEC Oak Ridge National Laboratories, complained about the â€Å"corruption of science by Big Science† (Hughes 128). The ‘corruption’ Weinberg refers to is the use of science to... ...American fear of Japanese technical dominance and racist sentiments by describing a dystopian Los Angeles, overcome by Japanese manufactured genetically altered robots that begin to replace humans. Both of these cinematic productions reflect a chief trepidation that pervaded America after the Second World War: the potential of technology, specifically robots, to supersede humans. Despite great benefits of the ample innovations since World War II, the image of science and technology remained tarnished by the apprehension that machines would one day replace humans as well as its potential for violence and unwarranted usage. Works Cited Hughes, Jeff. The Manhattan Project: Big Science and the Atom Bomb. New York: Columbia UP, 2002. Print. Pursell, Carroll W. The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.

Hamlet and Rosencrantx and Guildenstern Are Dead

The plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead by Tom Stoppard and Hamlet by William Shakespeare were composed in vastly different contexts and the nature of the plays greatly reflect the context in which they were composed. Hamlet is clearly a product of the times of the early 17th century as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead is a product of the Swinging Sixties as it has very modern views on many issues that have been raised throughout time. A common feature in both plays which represented the context in which the plays were composed was the obvious pre-occupation with morality. In Elizabethan times death was accepted more as a normal event as people did not live to be very old and there was an obvious pre-occupation with the idea of mortality and the afterlife. Hamlet is no exception to this as the play is concerned with death from the start, as we learn that Hamlet’s father had been killed. It is not strange at all that the ghost of Hamlet’s father appears and speaks to him. This reflects the context in which it was composed. People used to be entertained by such encounters with the dead in plays and believed strongly in death and an afterlife. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead† The number of deaths that occur in Hamlet is also not surprising as audiences in Elizabethan times were very much pre-occupied with dying and felt comfortable watching it on stage. They also remained true to their beliefs that tragedy could only happen to famous figures. This is partly due to the distinct social classes in England at the time and it was not considered a tragedy so much if a peasant died. Therefore Hamlet is a product of an Elizabethan context in that it is pre-occupied with mortality throughout the play and audiences were comfortable with it because of their strong religious beliefs. Tom Stoppard, however, took two sideline characters from Hamlet and showed that Hamlet could be applied to modern audiences over four hundred years later. Rosencrantz nd Guildenstern, the main characters of the play are also pre-occupied with death. The context in which Stoppard composed the play, however, presents a changed view of death. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern both spend a lot of time thinking about death and what it means to them. They are not sure about it, and have a pretty bleak perception of the whole idea. They continue throughout the play not knowing for sure what will happen to them when they die, but they accept that they must die at some stage in their life. This reflect the context of sixties England entirely, as the trend in attitude was confusion about death. Nobody knew why they were on the earth and nobody knew where they were going when it was all over. Religion was being questioned in the sixties, like all traditional authority figures and this comes through very strongly in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. People didn’t have the assurance as they did in Elizabethan times with their beliefs in the afterlife. The fact that this idea was questioned so much in the play shows the contrast between the two plays and how Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead reflect the values of the sixties. A contrasting theme in the plays is identity. In Elizabethan times everyone was very sure of their place in the grand scheme of things and there was a distinct hierarchy of social classes. The characters of Hamlet are reflections of this context to an extent, because there is a sense of order in the play with the structure of the Danish monarchy. It is a very modern play, however, and there is a sense of disorder in the immediate world of the upper class society. This unrest is expressed from early in the play with lines such as â€Å"There’s something rotten in the state of Denmark†. Every character is clearly defined in Shakespeare’s play and nobody is confused about who they are or where they came from. The opposite of this, however, is Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the sixties interpretation of the text. They seem to be very confused about their own personal identity and this can be seen frequently throughout the play when they and other characters mix their names up almost every time. The effect of this is humorous, but also comments on the confusion of identity that was being felt in the Sixties. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern as characters very much reflect the ideas of the Sixties in this way, as they seem to be drifting throughout the play as observers, and are minor players. They are not sure about themselves, question their own identity and cannot find much purpose in their lives, which makes death difficult for them to comprehend. Because they are such minor players and tend not to take themselves as seriously as the traditional characters such as Hamlet himself, they can easily bring Hamlet down to a human level. They did this in the play when they quickly flattened Hamlet’s wit. In all these respects it is plain to see how the sixties version of the play reflected the context in which it was composed. What makes the contrast between the two plays so apparent is the audience that it was intended for. In Elizabethan times, audiences loved to see revenge tragedies and lots of blood and guts and murder, particularly amongst famous people. Hamlet is a clear product of this context as there are eight deaths in the play, which would have greatly entertained an Elizabethan audience. All people could appreciate Shakespeare’s blank verse and took pleasure in the language used. After all Shakespeare was looking to be the most popular writer of his day and appeal to as large an audience as possible. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead being composed in the Sixties is made for the theatre of the absurd. People in the Sixties could relate best to this, as there was a general sense of rebelling against the system and confusion about identity. Normal prose is used much more in this, as the beauty of language isn’t so much important but the feeling that they express about the situation through the language. The two plays Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead contrast in many ways because of the context in which they were created. The context of Elizabethan times is reflected strongly in Hamlet which holds the values of the early seventeenth century, as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead reflects the values of the Swinging Sixties which are abounded by confusion. These contexts are vital in the study of both plays as they do not differ greatly, apart from the values they carry from the time in which they were composed.

In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essays

In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essays In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essay In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essay History performing arts was everything. Society did not have DVDs to watch and pods to listen to; they went to plays and operas for leisure. A time of history when some of the best play writers and considerably authors were discovered. In Virginia Wolfs In Search off Room of Ones Own she emphasizes the difference between the lifestyle of a man compared to the lifestyle of a women during the Elizabeth era, in how a man had so many more opportunities to become a rite than a woman did. Women could have never been outstanding poets, because they were never able to acquire the skills necessary. A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. (pig. 386) In order for a woman to be able to write she must have money in her family. Money was crucial to have, because it was needed to receive an education. A woman also needed a room of their own, in order to write and the only way for a woman to have a room of their own was if her parents were extremely wealthy. Having a personal room allowed the writer to relax and think by their selves without any disturbances. Wolf created Judith Shakespeare to show the reader the difference in opportunities compared to her brother William. Judith never had time to sit and relax to write in a room, because she was always being asked to complete chores around the house. When she was able to find ten minutes to spare for writing she had to burn the evidence of her secretive passion, because she couldnt chance being caught by her father. So even Hough She had the quickest fancy, a gift like her brothers for the tune of words. (pig. 386) she couldnt put her great talent to use. Everyday lifestyle for William Shakespeare was much different and much better than Jujitsus. William was able to receive a dally education, because during that time the family would always give the privileges of education to the son In the family. The father believed money was only worth spending on the son and not the daughter. He also had unlike Judith a room to himself where he could sit and practice writing poems and plays. William had the benefit of learning about Virgil, Ovid, and Horace becoming familiar with was Just as talented as William and could have been Just as famous If she had the same opportunities as he did. Instead she was forced to do other duties for her family without any say so for herself. One could easily agree that gender Inequality was a great deficit to the progress for women writing In history. Who knows what great plays would have been written If they were treated fairly. In Search of a Room of Ones Own By triceratops blew to receive a daily education, because during that time the family would always give the privileges of education to the son in the family. The father believed money grammar and structure elements. This greatly benefited William over Judith. Judith was Just as talented as William and could have been Just as famous if she had the family without any say so for herself. One could easily agree that gender inequality was a great deficit to the progress for women writing in history. Who knows what great plays would have been written if they were treated fairly.

An Essay On An Economics Article Essays - Azurix, Enron, Free Essays

An Essay On An Economics Article Essays - Azurix, Enron, Free Essays An Essay On An Economics Article There is a major debate brewing in the Florida water districts. The discussion concerns a company called Azurix and their novel offer. Azurix is a spin-off the huge Houston based gas and oil company Enron. The offer: in exchange for financing a portion of the four billion-dollar everglades clean up, Azurix acquires the ability to sell the water that they store as part of the project. This seemingly innocuous plan can have huge affects on Floridas economy. The privatization of the water management in Florida could work in a positive manner and eliminate the projected shortages by creative management, or it can act negatively and make it harder and more expensive to obtain water. There is some precedence for the appearance of private industry in water management. In Tampa Bay, three different water districts have come together to build a large desalination plant to service the entire area. The plant will be built and run by S&W Water LLC, a private company. Although this brand of involvement is not unheard of, the level of involvement that Azurix proposes would give it virtually complete control of the water supply of Florida. This monopoly has some people excited and some people worried. Those who are optimistic about the proposed change, which includes many water district managers, citizens, and local officials, hope for the best possible results. They argue that the private sector can conserve more water, improve service, and decrease water shortages. Advocates advance that farmers are permitted far more water than is necessary for crop maintenance. There for excess water is wasted. However, if agronomists are able to make a profit on conserving water, then the use of this valuable supply is much more efficient. This newborn capability will make agriculture more profitable and provide a boost to one of Floridas largest industries. The optimists also tout improved service. Private industry has more money to put into research and development; hence, the ability to supply clean fresh potable water to the tap can be improved. It is argued that their plan can decrease water shortages by diversifying the way Florida gets its water. Although Florida really does not have a shortage of water, it has water at the wrong time. The majority of Floridas fifty-five inches a year of rain falls during the summer; the time when the population is at its lowest point. The diversification of how water is procured will allow for a more even distribution of this resource. Some areas, such as the St. Johns River Water Management District will tap surface sources, and others will develop aquifer and storage recovery units that store water from the wet times to doll out during the dry times. Clearly, the notion of privatizing water has tremendous potential to help Florida. Not withstanding this optimism surrounding the proposition, it is not be without its detractors. Factions of the proponents claim that privatization is good in some areas of public services, water this group contends can not be private. The water that every one and every thing depends on can not be for sale to the highest bidder. The naysayers contend that when a company like Azurix has a monopoly on water, conservation will not be a priority. Water for sale on the open market with out limits would lead to the loss of this resource. Opponents contend that the sale of Florida water across state borders could be detrimental to the precarious balance that we struggle to maintain today. The lack of conservation could prove to be deadly to the environment. With the downfall of the environment, the tourism industry would fail. This failure would spell disaster for the Florida economy. In conjunction with the lack of conservation of water, the prices will rise. The company that controls the water supply will be able to name its price. This can damage the pool and lawn industries as well as lawn landscaping and nursery businesses in areas dependent on city or treated water. Agriculture, normally the largest employer of unskilled labor, can suffer increased cost, which can result in a loss of jobs and the competitive edge to foreign competition. This can be a significant drain on the economy. Privatizing the water works of Florida

Business Owners What You Can Do About Workplace Harassment

Business Owners What You Can Do About Workplace Harassment With the recent rash of harassment revelations in the media, companies are taking their anti-harassment policies more seriously than ever. And it’s not just the Weinstein Company and Fox that are looking at their exposure to lawsuits. If you are the owner of a business – any business with employees – you need to learn everything there is to know about workplace harassment, and how to 1) prevent it and 2) handle it if it does occur. Let’s first get clear on the definition of workplace harassment: Harassment under federal law is â€Å"unwelcome conduct that is based on race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, genetic information, sexual orientation, or parental status.† Two common types of harassment are Quid Pro Quo (â€Å"This for That†). In quid pro quo harassment, enduring the offensive conduct becomes condition of continued employment. Examples: Denying employment or a promotion for failure to perform sexual acts or participate in religious activities. Giving preferential treatment in exchange for sexual cooperation or joining a religion. Hostile Work Environment. Here, the conduct is severe or pervasive enough to create a work environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, hostile, or abusive. Some more considerations: A â€Å"hostile environment† may be created by the unwelcome conduct of supervisors, co-workers, customers, contractors, or anyone else with whom the victim interacts on the job. Harassment occurs when this conduct renders the workplace atmosphere intimidating, hostile, or offensive. Factors to consider include but are not limited to the frequency and severity of alleged harassment, whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, and whether it unreasonably interferes with work. Behaviors contributing to an unlawful hostile environment may include but are not limited to discussing sexual activities, unnecessary touching, displaying sexually suggestive or racially insensitive pictures, using demeaning or inappropriate terms or epithets, using indecent gestures or crude language, or sabotaging a victim’s work. Why you want to avoid harassment claims. Harassment claims are easy to file and hard to get dismissed. They consume time (an average of 318 days), they cost huge amount of money regardless of their validity (average of $40 $125K in settlements which can cover back pay, compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees costs), and they can damage a company’s reputation/brand irreparably. According to the New York Daily News, New York State has settled at least 85 lawsuits involving claims of sexual harassment or sex discrimination at agencies, hospitals, prisons and schools it oversees, costing the state a combined $11.87 million. Clearly you want to avoid such lawsuits if you possibly can. Even before a lawsuit, sexual harassment and other forms of harassment have an impact on your organization. The acts themselves are disruptive in the workplace, decrease employee morale, increase absenteeism and turnover, reduce productivity, and damage the reputation of the company. It’s a no-brainer that every company must address harassment before, during, and after it happens. Harassment Lawsuits Harassment lawsuits gain teeth not because the harassment happened, but because they did not respond properly. Take these two examples: Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West is one of the best-known cases in the harassment category. In this case, a physician assistant made 18 complaints regarding working conditions and bullying at Mercy General Hospital, all of which were ignored, before she was fired. The reason for her termination? Allegedly failing to report for work – but it was found that she was explicitly told not to come in for coverage that day. When she obtained alternative employment, she lost it because Mercy General would not provide her with required â€Å"privileging.† She was awarded $168 million in a settlement, just three days into a jury trial. In contrast, in Chaloult v. Interstate Brands, an employer won the case because it was proven that the claimant did not complain to management and a witness confirmed the alleged harassing behavior could not reasonably be defined as harassment. Importantly, the employer correctly trained employees and had a protective anti-harassment policy that covered where to report harassment and provided multiple channels for reporting. The company even continued the investigation after the employee resigned. You must take your responsibility seriously as an employer. As an employer, if you knew or should have known and failed to take prompt and corrective action, you can be liable – regardless of whether an employee or some other party perpetrated the action. In contrast, if you reasonably tried to prevent and promptly correct the harassing behavior through training, a policy known to your employees, and prompt investigation/corrective action, you have strong footing to defend any lawsuits. See this article from the American Bar Association on how to avoid putting your company at risk. If you have a small company, you can bring an outside organization in to advise you on your policy and handle any complaints. In Madison, WI, where I live, a local employment agency, QTI, provides this service (and gave a presentation on the topic that I attended last week – thank you QTI for providing information and inspiration for this blog). There are many questions that can arise as to what policies to put into place. For instance, should your company have a â€Å"no-dating† policy? A â€Å"required snitching† policy? Hugging protocol (as NBC just put into place)? Can you go too far with attempting to stop workplace harassment? Regardless of the size of your business, it’s essential to protect yourself and your company from time-consuming, expensive, and reputation-damaging harassment claims. If your organization is not in compliance with the best practices in this area, I recommend taking action now. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 26, 2018 5 Comments Prasanta says: February 27, 2018 at 10:07 am I feel this particular article is predominantly biased to female employees as they are facing harassment most of the time. But harassment is also rendered to male employees too. Moreover, this safeguard s available only in USA. For e.g. I was a Dutch MNC employee but suddenly lost job without identifying any reason even though I had a severe road accident while on duty and but my employer did not give any monetary compensation even though iI have developed physical limitations due to this accident. I lost my job as I raised my voice. There are legal safeguards in India but takes years to get justice and one can die before the justice is delivered. This is not USA. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: February 27, 2018 at 10:21 am Thank you for this input and international perspective, Prasanta. Its true that we have a lot of protections in the U.S. that are not available in other countries. And you are absolutely right that harassment can be perpetrated against any protected class. What youre talking about I believe is retaliation for whistleblowing. Heres what I found on Wikepedia: Whistleblowers are often protected under law from employer retaliation, but in many cases punishment has occurred, such as termination, suspension, demotion, wage garnishment, and/or harsh mistreatment by other employees. A 2009 study found that up to 38% of whistleblowers experienced professional retaliation in some form, including wrongful termination.[citation needed] For example, in the United States, most whistleblower protection laws provide for limited make whole remedies or damages for employment losses if whistleblower retaliation is proven. However, many whistleblowers report there exists a widespread shoot the messenger mentality by corporations or government agencies accused of misconduct and in some cases whistleblowers have been subjected to criminal prosecution in reprisal for reporting wrongdoing. As a reaction to this many private organizations have formed whistleblower legal defense funds or support groups to assist whistleblowers; three such examples are the National Whistleblowers Center[28] in the United States, and Whistleblowers UK[29] and Public Concern at Work (PCaW)[30] in the United Kingdom. Depending on the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by their co-workers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even fired from their organization. This campaign directed at whistleblowers with the goal of eliminating them from the organization is referred to as mobbing. It is an extreme form of workplace bullying wherein the group is set against the targeted individual.[31] 28 whistleblowers.org. whistleblowers.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08. 29 wbuk.org. wbuk.org. Retrieved 2017-01-30. 30 pcaw.co.uk. pcaw.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-08. 31 Matthiesen SB, Bjorkelo B, Burke RJ Workplace Bullying as the Dark Side of Whistleblowing in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (2012) Log in to Reply Beth Garner says: February 27, 2018 at 11:07 am re: can you go too far with attempting to stop workplace harassment seeming a bit ridiculous and overly detailed. I used to think some of the guidelines I read or heard in company policies were verging, or even falling squarely, into the realm of the absurd. Then I listened to the comments questions of many men, and realized that many of them, even the most well-intentioned, really do not know the boundary between acceptable collegial behavior and harassing behavior. For far too long in so many areas of life men have been subtly taught that so many obnoxious kinds of behavior are the norm that now they cant see where the line is, and actually need detailed instruction. I know it often seems silly and excessive, but it is unfortunately often necessary in order to re-educate many on what is appropriate and what is inappropriate. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: February 27, 2018 at 11:19 am Its true, Beth. Specific rules are much easier to follow than use your judgment. And, blanket rules have their downsides too. If Ive been friends with someone for years and have an established relationship, or if someone is going through a hard time and needs a shoulder to lean on, a 1-second hug policy doesnt seem to apply. I guess the lawyers at NBC decided having the rule would cover their butts (no harassment intended) so its a better policy as a base. Log in to Reply B G says: February 27, 2018 at 6:53 pm Brenda, your reply illuminates a good reason why companies need very specific guidelines. You are speaking as a woman with certainty about the comfort level of the person you hug, and their openness willingness to be hugged by you. Being hugged in the workplace by a man: a mans assumption that the established relationship is such that a hug is appropriate may be wildly off the mark. The woman being grabbed and hugged may not want to be hugged at all! The man may think the hug is offering comfort, but he may be sensorily blind to the fact that the woman is holding herself rigid, slightly pushing him away, and averting her face with a grimace. She may be reluctant to tell him his hug is unwelcome; she may realize his intention is good and not want to offend him. In addition, that hug may have been intended innocently, albeit executed awkwardly. What about the quick close hug by a man with an erection who presses his groin against yours, rubs his chest against your breasts and qu ickly lets go? It may be only a second or two, and no one else may realize what the is doing, but that is certainly not ok! So, hugs, innocent as they may seem, do need to be curtailed. Log in to Reply

Immigrant kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigrant kids - Essay Example This paper seeks to show that consideration for needs of immigrant children is a reason for the government to provide them with public attorneys to represent them so that these children can gain proper legal advice to ensure they get a fair chance of restarting their lives. Most unaccompanied child immigrants come for Central American countries such as Honduras and Guatemala which have over the past few years come to be riddled with violence and insecurity to such an extent that they have essentially become failed states. Children in these countries have ended up becoming the victims of situations over which they have no control and a large number of them have been forced from school and into conducting illegal activities on behalf of the various gangs that have become prominent in Central America. A result has been that many of these children have had their lives taken away and have been forced to grow up too quickly because that is the only way through which they could achieve their survival. One would argue that their choice to come to the United States has, therefore, not been one made out of a need only for the need to achieve economic prosperity, but also to ensure that they are able to rebuild their lives in a manner that allows them to live awa y from the violence and poverty in their home countries (Scott 1). These children have to be treated in a responsible way that ensures that not only are all their immediate needs catered for, especially when one considers that age, but also that they are able to gain legal representation to ensure that they are allowed to build a life in the United States without the fear of being deported back to their home countries. Immigrant children need legal representation in order to make the courts understand that they have not come to the United States willingly but are victims of circumstances. One would argue that unaccompanied child

Effective team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effective team - Essay Example communication between members, the team has clear objectives and goals it wants to accomplish; there is positive and open criticism in the team and members feel free to air their concerns during team meetings. Other attributes include there is active participation of members, the team is self-conscious, and finally, the team moves forward when all members are satisfied about a given issue. In effective teams have such attributes as minimal or no communication at all, serious personal differences between the team members, the team has no clear set objectives or goals it want to accomplish, negative criticism, which limits members’ participation, in active members during team meetings, etc. When new members join a team, it is imperative that formal introductions are made before the agenda of the meeting is discussed to enable the new members feel at easy and part of the team. When discussions break-down in a team, it is the duty of the team leader and members collectively to help iron out the differences without taking any sides. Therefore, team leaders and members have a responsibility of ensuring that there is good communication and trust between team members, and as leader, you are enthusiastic, fearless, and charismatic (Cranmer, 2011). However, as a leader you must ensure that demeaning behavior like laziness, complacency, power coalitions, and strong silos are not tolerated in the group if you want to build a strong and effective team. Ultimately, I am a strong team builder, with charismatic attributes, good communication, and interpersonal skills. However, I must state that I like making fun and teasing others, missing some group meetings attributes, which have sometimes landed me in problems with my team members. Therefore, during my end of semester course project, I will ensure that I will maintain the highest discipline, be punctual in all my team

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument - Essay Example For example, media nowadays are eventually used for product promotion, company endorsement, popularizing a personality, and many more (Hardy, 100). In other words, there can be many things to be done by simply taking media into one’s hand. Most of them are creative in nature. To cite an instance, it is important to substantially consider the case of product promotion or other relevant endorsement just to gain sympathy or attention from the target audience. Most often, it is viewed in television and other relevant media how creative these strings of endorsements could turn out. For example, using the concept of viral marketing, there is a need or consideration of speed. Just to be able to hit this objective, creative means are substantially employed along the process. At some point, creative methodological approaches are substantially included just to be able to hit specific objectives. In the case of Burger King for instance, its idea about viral marketing was substantially ap plied in order to gain remarkable attention about its product or service offerings. In this way, media have become productive tools in order to help a specific party to reach its competitive edge over the other or obtain specific objectives. ... Others on the other hand were applauded due to remarkable showcase of something what they got. For instance, the creation of Youtube and other social networking sites allow an individual to create something that would make a difference in the world. In fact, many personalities have paved their way through the ladder of success because of the media. In whatever point it may serve, the bottom line was to intentionally inform the public so as the same would create impression, response or opinion on the subject matter. This is a remarkable proof that the media could not only bring forward creative strategies only at the other side of the coin. They could potentially establish any relevant issues, situations, concerns or any possibilities of everything because they all have the power to inform the public and connect to people’s lives, in almost every walk, provided they would be allocated at some point in a highly creative way. In fact, media have become elemental components on how the elected officials in the US were able to successfully gain popular votes in the election. It is therefore clear that taking the media into the people’s hands could become susceptible to manipulation, exploitation in either good or bad intentions, which could provide either good or bad results. Some good results of the media however would include keeping the public informed with the right information. The people deserve to know the truth, and in many years the media have proven effective tools in doing so. For example, the fight against terroristic acts was dominated by the media when it comes to information dissemination. In fact, there were various terroristic attempts

Analyzing a case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing a - Case Study Example Most companies use this before they implement a new project. This helps them understand the requirements even as they conduct market research. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors while opportunities and threats are external. The MM Company has a good financial record since the introduction of green meters. This is evident that the product will do well if introduced to customers. The other strength of the project is that it was popular in the company. It is therefore, easier for the marketing team to convince the customers. In addition, the implementation of the project has executive support. Smith promises full support of the project, and this makes it easier to implement the project. The green project is the first one to be implemented in the market, and therefore, no competition. The company will have a competitive advantage because it will dominate the market. The project needs an outside-in approach. The manufacturing department cannot work alone. There has to be integration of all departments. For instance Werner argues that the company has been operating on separate systems for each of its silos. But this project will go against the culture and processes of the company. The project will have to integrate with IT‘s information Management Renewal project. Working with different departments in the company poses a huge political challenge (Kim, 2010). Another weakness is resources. Werner argues that MM has people but they are not able to work within the promised time. Lack of human capital will make the company incur costs of employing others who have technical skills. Delay is also another weakness whereby the project fails to meet a deadline. This will mean to put pressure on the working team. Strategies have to be implemented to ensure the success of the project. New advertisement strategies need to be employed. Since the Green project is popular in the company and the product is new in the

Managing Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Environment Essay

Managing Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Environment - Essay Example Cultural diversity refers to people belonging to diverse cultures working in one organisation, which is rampant in Singapore because of its history of immigrants and also due to its growing economic prospects. The present discourse focuses on the way Singapore manages its cultural diversity. The topic explores various governmental initiatives as well as organisational policies towards diversity management in this region. During the process, a critical view of the policies and practices and their impact on other aspects of organisational performance would be placed to assess the effectiveness of the policies and practices. Moreover, possible recommendations to tackle these challenges would be suggested based on organisational practices. 2. Background: While the effects of globalization have been so profound that all organisations have to adapt to the changes, diversity is one of the strategies adopted for sustainability and performance. This reflects in their policies and practices wi th respect to human resources management. Though the western countries adopted this route much earlier, it is relatively newer concept in most of the Eastern nations (Mor-Barack, 2005). This does not mean that the Eastern nations did not employ people from different cultures and ethnic groups; but just that the organisations have started adopting policies and practices to encourage and, to an extent, suit multicultural and diverse populations during last few decades. The most important requirement for managing diversity comes from equal rights act and policies congruent with this act, which create favourable social, legal and organisational environment to all groups of people. Secondly, organisational policies and practices that encourage and support diversified workforce. 3. Rationale: Globalization has provided extraordinary benefits to organisations, which has enticed many organisations to enter the global market. This has further increased the numbers of people from different ba ckgrounds, cultures, races and ethnic groups to work together at different locations. On the other hand, organisations in some sectors are known to have moved to other places in order to flourish because the legislation there was more conducive to their strategies; for example, Singapore has relaxed legislation related to bioresearch, unlike in the Western countries. Many Western bioresearch organisations shifted their base to Singapore (Huat, 2011). Much before such movements, Singapore is known for cultural diversity because it was established because of immigrants from different parts of the world, which created a plural and highly diverse and ethnic society (Chen-Tung, Ong & Chen, 1980). With such high cultural diversity, Singapore is one of the most advanced and flourished nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Many reasons make Singapore as the focus of discussion related to management of cultural diversity in organisations. The immense industrial growth in Singapore suggests tha t workplace diversity, specifically cultural diversity, is being managed effectively; this fact is further reinforced by the immense movement that is continuing, and potential that still exists in this part of the world. Secondly, Singapore hosts a variety of cultural mix, which makes it even more difficult for diversity management for organisations if they have to cater to the cultural differences of all groups that are a part of them. At least these two critical reasons are enough to explore

Analyzing a case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing a - Case Study Example Most companies use this before they implement a new project. This helps them understand the requirements even as they conduct market research. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors while opportunities and threats are external. The MM Company has a good financial record since the introduction of green meters. This is evident that the product will do well if introduced to customers. The other strength of the project is that it was popular in the company. It is therefore, easier for the marketing team to convince the customers. In addition, the implementation of the project has executive support. Smith promises full support of the project, and this makes it easier to implement the project. The green project is the first one to be implemented in the market, and therefore, no competition. The company will have a competitive advantage because it will dominate the market. The project needs an outside-in approach. The manufacturing department cannot work alone. There has to be integration of all departments. For instance Werner argues that the company has been operating on separate systems for each of its silos. But this project will go against the culture and processes of the company. The project will have to integrate with IT‘s information Management Renewal project. Working with different departments in the company poses a huge political challenge (Kim, 2010). Another weakness is resources. Werner argues that MM has people but they are not able to work within the promised time. Lack of human capital will make the company incur costs of employing others who have technical skills. Delay is also another weakness whereby the project fails to meet a deadline. This will mean to put pressure on the working team. Strategies have to be implemented to ensure the success of the project. New advertisement strategies need to be employed. Since the Green project is popular in the company and the product is new in the

Oral immunotherapy for food allergy Research Paper - 1

Oral immunotherapy for food allergy - Research Paper Example In general, failure to avoid food allergen can trigger signs and symptoms related to allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other types of food allergies (Steinman, 2010; CDC, 2008). As a type of immunological disease, having an allergy on food can significantly affect the socio-economic situation and quality of life of each person (Castellazzi et al., 2013). Aside from losing work productivity, the economic cost of food allergy can reach up to US$24.8 billion in which the direct cost of medication, hospitalization and healthcare visitations can be as high as US$4.3 billion each year (Gupta et al., 2013). Around the world, roughly 6% to 8% of all children have been affected by food allergy during their childhood life (Gupta et al., 2011; Steinman, 2010). In line with this, almost 15 million Americans have or had experience some sort of food allergies (news-journal, 2014). Among children, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that the prevalence rate of food allergy at 5% is equal to young individuals between the age group of 0 to 4 years old, 5 to 9 years old, and 10 to 17 years old (CDC, 2013). Today, food allergy has been considered as one of the most common health problems among children (CDC, 2008). In general, the process of having severe food allergies can adversely affect or impair the quality-of-life of each person (Anagnostou et al., 2014; Clark et al., 2009). In one of the studies that were conducted by Gupta et al. (2011), the authors mentioned that 30.4% of these children had more than one type of food allergy and that almost 38.7% of children with food allergy had experienced some sort of a severe reaction. Even though Lyons and Forde (2004) pointed out that most people with food allergy does not consider this particular health situation to have a significant impact in

Police Functions Essay Example for Free

Police Functions Essay Over the years, police have been portrayed in the media, television shows, and the local newspaper as crime fighting heroes. This portrayal would make one think a police officer is always out doing a dangerous job, which may require shooting, beating up, or arrested the bad guy. The truth is, most officers will not make a felony arrest in a given year, and there are also many officers who have never fired their weapon. There are various perspectives of the policing functions. I will examine these perspectives from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. I will identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Local Police Police, usually called law enforcement officers, apprehend criminals and investigate crimes. There are several other functions that the police perform. Local police have three main functions: maintaining order, controlling crime, and providing basic social services. Local police maintain order in different activities, such as traffic control in power outages, crowd control outside of a local football game, resolving domestic disputes, and removing drunken patrons from the streets. Police officers serve and protect. The main focus of maintaining order is keeping the peace rather than enforcing the law, so to speak. In different situations, officers may have to make an arrest to ensure the peace, but the appropriate order-maintenance solution often consists of less formal actions, like clearing crowds after a big game. Controlling crime is basically patrol and criminal investigation. Basic social service is calling police in an emergency situation. The majority of phone calls to the police are in need of social service as opposed to those relating to crimes. There are several factors that shape what police do. Police officers are available 24 hours a day seven days a week. People call on the police when they find themselves in an emergency situation and there is not another agency available. Because of this availability, it sometimes gives officers a heavy workload. Police work is different and unique from other jobs because these men and women are permitted to use force. Force in this case is deadly or physical force as well as arresting someone. Police officers have to be ready to shoot in a split second, if need be. Discretion is used in all areas of policing. Officers rely on their training as well as experiences to decide what to do when dealing with citizens. A wonderful example of discretion is an officer giving you a warning for speeding as oppose to upholding the law and issuing you a citation. State Police State police are a part of The Department of Public Safety. Every state with the exception of Hawaii has its own police force possessing statewide jurisdiction. The nation’s largest state police force is California Highway Patrol. The directors of highway patrols or state police are appointed by the Governors. Tasks done by state police agencies include assisting the local police departments in criminal investigations, patrolling the state’s highways, training municipal and country police, maintaining centralized crime records for the state, and operate a crime lab. Federal Police Within the executive branch of the national government lies the federal law enforcement. The FBI, or Federal Bureau of Investigation, is a part of this federal organization. The FBI investigates several categories of federal crimes. Their focus is on protecting the nation from threats, such as terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, white collar crimes, and violent crimes, such as kidnappings and bank robberies as well as civil-rights crimes. The FBI is equipped with crime labs, fingerprint files, crime statistics, and a training academy, which enables them to assist state, local, and other federal agencies. Due to the increases in organized crimes, the FBI also has wiretapping authority. Federal officers have jurisdiction nationwide. The Department of Homeland Security is another branch containing federal law enforcement agencies. Some of DHS agencies are: United States Secret Service- which is responsible for apprehending anyone caught counterfeiting U. S. money. They are also responsible for the protection of other officials of the federal government and for protecting the president. Immigration and Customs Enforcement- enforces the flow of immigrants into the United States. INS agents deport aliens who break the United States naturalization laws. They are also responsible for the patrol of the United States border to stop illegal immigrants from entering the country. In the 1990s, INS agents focused on the Mexican-U. S. border, where large numbers of illegal immigrants and huge amounts of illicit drugs entered the United States. INS agents arrest hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants each year, but the number making it safely into the United States still exceeded the number arrested. † (The Nature of Police Work) Customs and Border Protection and Transportation Security Administration also fall under this agency. Conclusion Patrol and criminal investigation used to dominate policing. Uniformed officers would roam the streets interrupting crime and trying to prevent them from happening. There are different strategies to policing. These strategies include patrol, special operations, and investigations. There are changes that can be made in laws to impact the field of policing. Local police departments can reduce corruption by keeping a closer eye on the department and listening to the community. Bad seeds would have to be removed from all areas of policing. These departments can also form a positive relationship with the public by showing they are doing more than making arrests. Federal agencies are sometimes limited in the information they can share with other departments, but if there is something useful, they can pass the information along to help all agencies out. There are many functions to policing. While police are heroes to a lot of people, they are not just out fighting crime and locking up the bad guys. They are there for us when we need them, regardless if our cat is stuck in a tree or we have a runaway teenager. Different agencies perform at different levels each having different duties. Once we understand what different agencies are able to do, we understand policing better.

Substitution reaction

Substitution reaction Introduction Substitution reaction of chemistry substitution reaction are also called displacement reactions .These are the reactions in which an atom or a group of atoms attached to a carbon atom in a molecule is replaced by some other atom or group of atoms without any change in the structure of the remaining part of the molecule. The product formed is known as the substitution product. The new atom or group which enters the molecule is called the substituent. Some example of substitution reactions are: CHâ‚„+clâ‚‚ → CHâ‚Æ'cl+Hcl Methane Methyl chloride Here H-atom of CHâ‚„ is replaced by chloride atom. CHâ‚Æ'-CHâ‚‚Br+KOH (aq) → CHâ‚Æ'CHâ‚‚OH+KBr Ethyl bromide Ethyl alcohol Here Br atom of ethyl bromide is replaced by OH group. CHâ‚Æ' -CHâ‚‚ = CHâ‚‚ → ClCHâ‚‚ -CH=CHâ‚‚ + Hcl Propene Allyl chloride Here H-atom of CHâ‚Æ' group is replaced by cl-atom Types of substitution reaction Depending upon the nature of attacking reagent, substitution reactions can be classified as below: a) Electrophilic Substitution Reactions : These are the reactions in which an atom or group in a molecule is replaced by an electrophile. Such reactions are shown by aromatic compound. CHâ‚…+HONO₂→ CHâ‚…NOâ‚‚+H â‚‚0 CHâ‚…+ NO₂→CHâ‚… NOâ‚‚+H â‚‚0 (H â‚‚s0 â‚„) Here Nitronium ion (NOâ‚‚ ions )acts as an electrophile and the process is called nitration. Mechanism. Consider the chlorination of benzene in presence of halogen carrier(Feclâ‚Æ') Feclâ‚Æ'+cl-cl → Fecl₄⠁ »+cl(chloronium ion) Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds than arenes generally lead to electrophilic addition rather than substitution. B) Necleophilic Substitution Reactions:- These are the reaction sin which an atom or a group in a molecule is replaced by a nuclophile. Such reactions are shown by alkyl halides. Consider the action of aqueous KOH on methyl chloride. HO⠁ »+H -CHâ‚Æ' Cl→ Ho-cHâ‚Æ'OH+cl⠁ » A nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a molecule or ion capable of acting as a Lewis base (i.e., an electron pair donor). Nucleophiles can be described as electron-rich while their targets or substrates can be described as electron-deficient (they are Lewis acids, i.e., electron pair acceptors). In a nucleophilic substitution the nucleophile takes the place ofor substitutes forsome atom or group on the substrate (called the leaving group): Nu: + R:L → R:Nu+ + :L- nucleophile substrate product leaving group If the nucleophile is neutral (as shown above) the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it. If the nucleophile is an anion then the product will be neutral: Nu: + R:L → R:Nu + :L- Stronger bases make better nucleophiles (e.g., OH- is a better nucleophile than H2O). Good substrates include cations, central atoms with incomplete octets or double bonds (like sp2 carbons) or carbons with partial positive charges. Halogens are generally more electronegative than carbon and so organohalogen compounds are usually subject to nucleophilic attack at the carbon attached to the halogen (which would be the positive end of a dipole). For example, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (commonly known as t-butyl chloride) will undergo nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide ion: (CH3)3CCl + OH → (CH3)3COH + Cl This is a typical synthetic route for producing an alcohol from an alkyl halide. Nucleophilic substitution reactions have been studied for many years. It was noticed fairly early that while the overall reaction was similar in the vast majority of cases the kinetics of the process was not always the same. In some substitutions the concentration of the nucleophile had no effect on the rate. In others, the rate was directly proportional to the concentration of the nucleophile. This suggested that two different mechanisms must be at work. The factor which determines the mechanism employed is typically the nature of the substrate itself and NOT the particular nucleophile. Necleophilic substitution reactions are further classified as:- 1)Necleophilic substitution Biomolecular :- Such reaction sare shown by primary alkyl halides and involve a single step. The breaking of C-X bond and the making of C-OH bond takes place simultaneously. The neucleophile approaches the C-atom from the side opposite to that carrying the halogen. In such reactions, an inverted product is formed. The reaction involves the formation of a transition state. The reaction follows the rate law, Rate=k[Alkyl halide][OH]. As the slow rate determining step involves two molecule(Alkyl halide and alkali); therefore, the reaction is known as bimolecular substitution reaction. Most necleophilic substitutions, which involve the expulsion of an originally neutral substituent ,notably of halogen, from the aromatic ring,at temperature which are not particularly high,use the biomolecular mechanism SN2. This is established by their second order kinetics, which are documented by many records, (NOâ‚‚)â‚‚CHâ‚Æ'†¢Cl+OEt⠁ »Ã¢â€ â€™(NOâ‚‚)â‚‚CHâ‚Æ'†¢OEt+Cl⠁ » In substitution of this type,the rate of attack by different reagent on the same aromatic molecules follow the general order of nucleophilic strength towards carbon. This is the conclusion to which Bunnatt and Zahler come after having assembled data from many sources. The first mechanism is known as SN1 (substitution, nucleophilic, unimolecular) because only one molecule is involved in the first stepthe rate determining step. Reactions occurring by this mechanism should exhibit first-order kinetics, i.e., the rate law should have the form rate = k[substrate]1. Because the nucleophile is not involved until after the slow step its concentration will have no effect on the rate. The alternate mechanism is called SN2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) because two molecules are involved in the rate determining (and only) step. Such reactions exhibit overall second-order kinetics. The rate is proportional to both the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the nucleophile. Reactions like this will have a rate law in the form rate = k[substrate] [nucleophile] 2) Nucleophilic Substitution Unimolecular:- This mechanism is generally followed by tertiary alkyl halide. In the first step, tertiary alkyl halie breaks hydrolytically to form intermediate carbonium ion. The formation of carbonium ion is the slow rate determing step. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks tha carbonium ion to form an alcohol. Consider the action of aqueous KOH or tertiary Butyl bromide. CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' ____ C-Br ⇄ CHâ‚Æ' C +Br⠁ » (Slow Step) CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' ____ C + OH⠁ » ⇄ CHâ‚Æ' C +OH (Fast Step) CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' (carbonium ion) Tert. butyl alcohol Or The best established eample of nucleophilic aromatic substitution by the unimolecular mechanism ,SN1,is the uncatalysed decomposition of diazoium ions,in hydroxylic solvent,to give phenols or phhenolic ethers,accomplished often byaryl halides or others such substitution products, if the necessary necleophilic anions are present in the solution: ArNâ‚‚+ → Ar+Nâ‚‚ (Slow) Ar+Hâ‚‚o →Ar†¢ OH+H (fast) Ar+ROH→Ar†¢OR+H (Fast) Ar +cl ⠁ »Ã¢â€ â€™ Ar†¢ Cl (Fast) These are SN1 mechanism . The alternate mechanism is called SN2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) because two molecules are involved in the rate determining (and only) step. Such reactions exhibit overall second-order kinetics. The rate is proportional to both the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the nucleophile. Reactions like this will have a rate law in the form rate = k[substrate] [nucleophile] 3) Free Radicals Subsitution Reactions[1.2.3] These are the reactions in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by a free radical. The replacement of H- atom by a halogen atom is an example of free radicals substitution.In the free radical substitution reaction, the attacking reagent is a free radicals. These reactions are carried either at high temperature or in the presence of ultra-violet light. In organic chemistry, a radical substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third. In the first step called initiation (2,3) a free radical is created by photolysis. Homolysis can be brought about by heat or light but also by radical initiators such as organic peroxides or azo compounds. Light is used to create two free radicals from one diatomic species. The final step is called termination (6,7) in which the radical recombines with another radical species. If the reaction is not terminated, but instead the radical group(s) go on to react further, the steps where new radicals are formed and then react is collectively known as propagation (4,5) because a new radical is created available for secondary reactions. Mechanism. The mechanism of free radicals substitution involves three steps:- I) Initiation :- In this step, halogen molecule breaks homolyticallly to form free radicals. Consider the action of Brâ‚‚ on ethane in presence of sunlight. Br-Br Br II) Propagation step: The Br formed in the first step reacts with alkane molecule to form new free radicals which in turn reacts with bromine molecule and the chain react ion starts and so on. CHâ‚Æ'CHâ‚Æ'+Br →CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚+HBr CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚+Br -Br →CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚Br+Br 3) Termination.: In this step, the free radicals combine and the reaction stops. Br + Br → Brâ‚‚ Similarly, consider action of Clâ‚‚ on propene. I) cl cl→ 2Cl II) CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚Æ'+Cl→ CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚‚+HCl CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚‚+Cl-Cl→ CHâ‚‚=CH-CHâ‚‚Cl+Cl Substitution Reactions[1.2.3] Substitution Reactions. In an acid-base reaction such as CH3CO2H + NH3 → CH3CO2 + NH4+ the N acts as a nucleophile (Greek for â€Å"loving the nucleus), the H acts as an electrophile (â€Å"loves electrons†), and the O that accepts the pair of electrons acts as a leaving group. The acid-base reaction is the simplest model for a substitution reaction, which is a reaction in which a ÏÆ' bond between atom 1 and atom 2 is replaced by a ÏÆ' bond between atom 1 and atom 3. Substitution reactions are incredibly important in organic chemistry, and the most important of these involve substitutions at C. For example: This substitution reaction, discovered in 1849, involves the nucleophilic O making a new bond to the electrophilic C, and the bond between the electrophilic C and the leaving group I breaking. Any Brà ¸nsted base can also act as a nucleophile, and any nucleophile can also act as a Brà ¸nsted base, but some compounds are particularly good bases and particularly poor nucleophiles, whereas some are particularly poor bases and particularly good nucleophiles. Any Brà ¸nsted or Lewis acid can also act as an electrophile, but there are many electrophiles that are neither Brà ¸nsted nor Lewis acids (as in the example above). A haloalkane, e.g. CH3CH2Br, can in principle undergo either of two polar reactions when it encounters a lone pair nucleophile, e.g. MeO-. First, MeO- might replace Br- at the electrophilic C atom, forming a new C-O bond and giving an ether as the product. This is substitution, because the C-Br ÏÆ' bond is replaced with a C-O ÏÆ' bond. Second, MeO- might attack a H atom that is adjacent to the electrophilic C atom, giving MeOH, Br-, and an alkene as products. The electrons in the C-H bond move to form the Ï€ bond, and the electrons in the C-X bond leave with X-. This is elimination, because a new Ï€ bond is formed, and because the elements of the organic starting material are now divided between more tha n one product. Elimination requires that the substrate have a C-X bond and adjacent C-H bonds, while substitution requires only that the substrate have a C-X bond. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction The name in the title in given to those substitution in whichnucleophilic reagent, such as Br⠁ », combine with aromatic carbon and aprecltyuviously present substituent such as †¢Cl,†¢NOâ‚‚, becomes expelled along with its bonding electrons With considerable difficultly even †¢H may be expelled with its bonding electrons i.e at H⠁ ». Biomolecular substitution reaction electron attracting substituent especially one conjugated with aromatic system such as nitro,carbonyl,syano aids the attack of the reagent and a 2-or 4-situated hetero atom ,as n pyridine ,acts in a similar way. Neuclophilic aromatic substtion can proceed by several,mechanism. The Unimolecular and Biomolecular mechanism can definitely be recognized and other mechanism some of which are understood,can be seen to exist. The unimolecular mechanism is limited to the replacement of those substituents which are sufficiently loosely bound to undergo spontaneous heterlysis in solution. The biomolecular mechanism is muc more general, doubtless because it make much less severe demands on thequality of the explled group,so that a hydrogen shift involved.

The Death Penalty is a Just and Proper Punishment :: Pro Capital Punishment Death Penalty Crime Essays

The Death Penalty is a Just and Proper Punishment The idea of putting another human to death is hard to completely fathom. The physical mechanics involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond my own understanding. I know it must be painful, dehumanizing, and sickening. However, this act is sometimes necessary and it is our responsibility as a society to see that it is done. Opponents of capital punishment have basically four arguments. The first is that there is a possibility of error. However, the chance that there might be an error is separate from the issue of whether the death penalty can be justified or not. If an error does occur, and an innocent person is executed, then the problem lies in the court system, not in the death penalty. Furthermore, most activities in our world, in which humans are involved, possess a possibility of injury or death. Construction, sports, driving, and air travel all offer the possibility of accidental death even though the highest levels of precautions are taken. These activities continue to take place, and continue to occasionally take human lives, because we have all decided, as a society, that the advantages outweigh the unintended loss. We have also decided that the advantages of having dangerous murderers removed from our society outweigh the losses of the offender. The second argument against capital punishment is that it is unfair in its administration. Statistics show that the poor and minorities are more likely to receive the death penalty. Once again, this is a separate issue. It can't be disputed sadly, the rich are more likely to get off with a lesser sentence, and this bias is wrong. However, this is yet another problem of our current court system. The racial and economic bias is not a valid argument against the death penalty. It is an argument against the courts and their unfair system of sentencing. The third argument is actually a rebuttal to a claim made by some supporters of the death penalty. The claim is that the threat of capital punishment reduces violent crimes. Opponents of the death penalty do not agree and have a valid argument when they say, "The claims that capital punishment reduces violent crime is inconclusive and certainly not proven." I am not refuting this accusation. In fact, statistics show that the death penalty neither lowers or raises the incidence of violent crimes.

Who is Monica Lewinsky? :: essays research papers

Is Monica simply a hapless White House intern caught in the middle of a media created scandal started by Linda Tripp. Monica Lewinsky is a 24 year old graduate of Lewis and Clark University in Oregon. Daughter of a Democratic contributor she was easily able to get an intern position in the White Horse. Some of Lewinsky's friends have said that she only took the intern position to sleep with important people. If the recent news reports are true Monica Lewinsky got what she was looking for. Linda Tripp has over 17 tapes of her discussions with Monica Lewinsky describing her sexual relations with President Bill Clinton. Linda Tripp was a high ranking administration assistant formerly of the White House, and now of the Pentagon. In an unusual twist Tripp also happens to be the last person to see Vince Foster alive! Kathleen Willey, another person alleged to have had sexual relations with Bill Clinton, is the one that gave Kenneth Starr Linda Tripps name as a possible witness in the Paula Jones sexual harassment civil suit. None of this would have been much of a problem had Monica Lewinsky had not told Tripp that Bill Clinton and Vernon Jordan instructed her to lie about the affair with Clinton. Supposedly Linda Tripp has Monica alleging this on tape. These tapes if finally released to the public should prove to be quite titillating, Monica Lewinsky claims that Clinton was very fond of oral sex and that she it to him on a number of occasions. It has been alleged by various news organizations that a secret service agent actually caught Lewinsky and Clinton in the act. It has also been alleged that Monica Lewinsky has a blue semen stained dress which, if true, would be direct DNA evidence of the affair. But it still would not prove obstruction of justice. If that was ever proven it could be an impeachable offence, a sexual scandal probably would not lead to the impeachment of Bill Clinton. If not then it will simply be a source of Bill Clinton jokes. In a new twist on all of this Attorney Terry Giles client Andy Bleiler claims to have evidence relavent to the case. He also claims that Monica Lewinsky and he were lovers when he taught her at the Lewis and Clark University in Oregon. It is possible that Monica Lewinsky gave him documents and presents that Clinton had given her.

“Organizations need strong leaders and a strong culture” Essay

In this essay, I am going to critically analyze the importance strong leaders coupled with a strong culture has within organizations. In doing so, the argument is built up of several contextual layers defining the significance that heavily immersed cultures along with well driven leaders has on the operational and interactional functioning’s of an organization but most importantly its employees. However first and foremost, it is believed that Post Bureaucratic management practices shape the construction of individual values and beliefs, ultimately depending on which cultural enrichment management will adopt. Furthermore, the abuse of power leaders may espouse may inflict adversarial repercussions upon the cultural framework embraced by the organization. Therefore this initiates a direct sequence of employees challenging De Facto power by engaging in managerial discourses, which repudiate against cultural structures, causing hierarchal movement. Whilst, firmly substantiating that strong culture’s lead by strong leaders build the inner mechanistic functioning of an organization, throughout this essay, in Section One I shall illustrate the importance of Post Bureaucratic mechanisms and the internal relationships they have with culture and leadership. Moreover in Section 2, I will attempt to expose how power is used as a possession, rather than a relationship between people. Lastly, in order to logically complete my argument, I will define how resistance is seen to be a ‘reactive process’ whereby people embedded in power relations actively oppose initiatives enacted by others (Jermier et all 1994:90) Section 1 It is believed that having such a widely shared integrative culture in organizations is often viewed as a panacea for management and a recipe for corporate success (Peter and Waterman 1982) In relation to this statement, a good culture coupled with a intuitive leader will only set out a positive regime of truth, that will undoubtedly allow the emergence of a cultural  landscape to ensure conformity is consistent to all who belong to the organization. In order to achieve such an ambition, organizations embrace Post Bureaucratic mechanisms, which are depicted as a set of normative controls that stress the importance of socialization, enculturation and identification with company objectives. (Josserand, Villesà ¨che, & Bardon 2012) However the most pressing point to highlight is the fact that Post Bureaucratic mechanisms heavily entail the involvement of cultural promotion, which further aims to propel culture onto center stage. Ultimately, this means that for people to function within any given setting they must have a continuing sense of what the reality surrounding them is about (Pettigrew 1979) Herein, this tells us that culture provides a source of organizational ‘common sense’, upon which members draw to when deciding where, when and how to act. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Therefore social interaction must be conceived as the negotiation of meaning, which inevitably formulates and continues the growth and extension of leadership abilities and culture amongst members of an organization. Moreover social interaction may also be characterized as an organization of instrumental relations, resulting in the formulation of various relations or relationships amongst not only members of an organization but also identification in a corporate alumni network. Hence, repetitive symbolic activities are drawn upon by organizations to maintain the stability of the social system, which has a fundamental obligation to create and recreate the system. (Rosen 1988) Making direct reference to Michel Rosen’s journal article: â€Å"You asked for it: Christmas at the Bosses Expense†, the use of ceremonies and rites, being the Christmas party encompasses a latent function, which directly aims to enable a state of partial suspension of normal structure relationships in which culture emerges as an organizing principle underlying agency membership. Lastly, despite Post Bureaucratic mechanisms promoting an enterprising culture, more importantly it imbues humanistic values of autonomy, flexibility, confidence and trust that ultimately carry the intent to urge employees to take on responsibilities (Josserand, Villesà ¨che, & Bardon 2012) However, it should be undoubtedly emphasized that managers must inhibit the appropriate leadership qualities that will enable themselves and employees  to share a common relationship, in turn directly allowing them to control and frame their subjectivity in order to align one another’s relevancies. Subsequently this is achieved through leaders identifying culture, as an asset to form a paternalistic relation with their employees, as such can be debated to ignite a desirable urge to be apart of the community the organization instills. Furthermore it should be accentuated that the â€Å"Path Goal Theory† of leadership, is imperative to a successful relationship between employer and employee. It is noted as the physiological and technical support that managers provide as leaders, which ultimately intends to motivate employees by helping them understand that their needs and expectations can be fulfilled through the performance of their jobs. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Section 2 In todays business realm the sociological treatment of power has the ability to perpetuate a substantial impact on the interrelation and operational processes of an organization. In support of this statement, it is elemental to treat power as a property of abstract systems, as its complexities must not only be precisely managed but also more importantly understood. Therefore it is clear that the conception of power has the capability to â€Å"make or break† an organization as Giddens argues that â€Å"the notion of power is logically tied to that of action, and in its widest sense, power refers simply to the ‘transformative capacity’ of human action†. (Knights & Roberts 1982) Given this fact, we are able to argue that power has the fortitude to develop, refine or revolutionize an organizational landscape. Accordingly it is paramount that power should be treated and only applied amongst the confinements of a relationship, rather than kept as a possession to an individual. It is this underlying complexity that sparks much conjecture throughout organizations and cultural foundations. Specifically, when power is treated as a possession the direct result is that of the ignition of conflict, which can be depicted as a threatening hazard that has the ascendency to topple even the most successful organizations throughout the world. Firstly it is important to point that the individualistic conception of power is concealed within managers in which it is defined as the way that resources of ownership and control are employed in attempt to coerce labor into compliance. (Knights & Roberts 1982) This is formally known as coercive power, which is understood to be the power someone has over another, ultimately meaning the denial or removal of individual choice. Furthermore coercion â€Å"requires the active submission of one person to another†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Russ 1980:7-11) as such a thought holds the aptitude to administer alarming repercussions throughout an organizations culture. This is largely due to the fact that â€Å"equal attempts at coercion may lead to more or overt forms of resistance† (Russ 1980:7-11), a discomforting scenario that will not only cause a severe backlash against the leadership circle, but also hold the potential to eclipse the current operational success of the business. Essentially, due to the low trust dynamics, a regressive spiral of attempted control and counter control (Fox 1974) will further impede negatively on the business, ultimately throwing the culture into an unhealthy state of affair and the leadership hub at risk of being overthrown. In addition, another essential point to mention is the affiliation the notion of mainstream culture has with coercive power. As stated above, the sociological treatment of power has the potential to inflict adversarial effects if not effectively managed by administrators of an organization. Alternatively, culture is believed to create consistency and reduce conflict. However coercive authority, contradicts the view of mainstream culture, as it arguably does the total opposite. If it is believed that if organizational structures, strategies, regulations and policies frame the behavioral intents of employees, then members who belong to a hierarchy dominated by coercive power, will not only reject to be consistent with company norms but also increase conflict. This is supported by the belief that culture brings people together: it ensures they all think alike, feel and act in relatively similar ways. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Similarly, also by correlating coercive power with mainstream cultures, it highlights the inadequate and defective leadership attributes it promotes. Cultural engineering is undertaken by senior management and disseminated  downward causing a spiral effect. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Therefore culture can be interpreted as a management ‘lever’, a means of ensuring organizational goals are instilled and accepted by its members through the allurement of its culture. (Brewis 2007) Essentially, to make leadership effective, a leader must undertake in authoritative power, which is a more realistic understanding of interdependence in organizations (Knights & Roberts 1982) What this means is that a mutual recognition of employer employee relations is shared, causing members to accept the advice and direction of others rather than opposing. A unique feature of the relationship is that authority cannot be imposed nor possessed, but exists only as a quality of the relationship. (Knights & Roberts 1982) However mutual manipulation may occur when someone attempts to elevate their power above the mutual trust, therefore implying it is imperative to maintain the reciprocal of rights. Lastly this has an overwhelming influence on the culture, as all participants obtain a sense of authority and belonging. Section 3 With regard to coercive power, and the debilitated ramifications it inflicts on an organization’s cultural arrangement, it can be condoned to believe that members will engage in more overt forms of resistance. Essentially, what this points out is the creativity of employees resisting increasing control of the labor processed by management (Prasad and Prasad 2000). Therefore resistance can be directly associated with defective leadership, as even though management believe they hold the right to produce the policies that â€Å"they† want, it doesn’t mean its members will agree. Given these facts, work groups use resistance to induce what they want, the indispensible adjustments required for relatively smooth and everyday functioning in the workshop. (Courpasson, Dany & Clegg 2011) More importantly, despite the act of resistance producing a common interest in opposition to management, it simultaneously results in more resistance (Burawoy 1982), clearing professing the viral empowerment it professes amongst members of an organization. Hence, this approach conceptualizes resistance as an irreducible opposition between members and management, clearly endangering the foundations of any cultural environment inhibited by an organization. Touching upon the previous paragraph, resistance is a direct result of the enmeshment of exploitative relations (Courpasson, Dany & Clegg 2011). More importantly, this allures members to engage in managerial discourses, which operate against the cultural and ideological controls that frame, a company (Thomas 2009) and craft new identities, which challenge De facto Power (Ewick and Silbey 2003). Ultimately this causes dysfunctional freezing of an organization, a direct cause of members participating in â€Å"distancing† themselves from the company’s ambitions and requisites until change has transpired. Nevertheless this can be seen to benefit the organization as a whole, as employees now have the capacity to accede their desires. In relation to culture, it is imperative that members concerns are meant in order to achieve optimum business success; therefore managers seek to secure compliance through meeting employee’s sentiments and desires. Subsequently, it is vital for cultures to obtain core values and presuppositions that are widely shared and acted on (Peter and Waterman 1982), however by managers thriving on the elevation of power and exploitation, it only contradicts what a good culture should be about by going against group norms. Drawing closely to theorists ideas, it is believed that â€Å"if you forged a strong culture that incorporate all organizational members in shared beliefs and commitments – everything else good, morale, performance and results should follow†(Peter and Waterman 1982), clearly exposing the importance of effective and understanding leadership. Lastly, it should be accentuated that improvement in productivity and quality would accrue when corporate cultures systematically align individuals with formal organizational goals (Peter and Waterman 1982), but arguably wont be reached if members are continually constrained by the corporation. Overall with all of the above being discussed, one could conclude that Human skill is a pre requisite of what a strong leader should acquire. An approved culture will only occur if everyone is integrated into one managerially designed structure and the result, a superior performance. However this is  can be deemed only attainable if leadership has the ability to work with people, meaning to be sensitive to the needs and motivations of others, and taking into account other needs in ones decision making (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) a clear contrary to what coercive power achieves. However, it could be argued that such leaders enjoy the hierarchal separation between themselves and lower level employees, as the process to both lead and yet also work alongside them is an ongoing struggle. Conclusion In summation, I have come to the conclusion that it is inevitable for an organization to parade operational success without some sort of formulation of a strong culture espoused with strong leadership. Despite Post Bureaucratic management practices shaping the construction of individual values and beliefs, I believe it is imperative for the leadership hub of any organization to be effectively aware of the on going relationship its shares with its members. For any organization to achieve corporate success the notion of culture should be heavily identified and all components that it contains must be exercised accordingly. Ultimately, if managements leadership qualities are deemed to be strong, the culture constructed must comprise a set of deep, basic assumptions and beliefs as well as shared values, which will enable members to attain a sense of not only identity but also more importantly provide them with heterogeneous ways of making decisions. Therefore bringing my essay to a close, it should not be forgone that an organization requires a strong culture and strong leadership. Reference List Articles 1. Burawoy, M. 2001. Donald Roy: Sociologist and working stiff. Contemporary Sociol. 30(5) 453-458 2. Courpasson, D., Dany, F. and Clegg, S. (2011) Resisters at Work: Generating Productive Resistance in the Workplace,  Organization Science, Articles in Advance: 1–19. 3. Ewick, P., S. Rayner, eds. (2003) Narrating social structure: Stories of resistance to legal authority. Amer. J. Social. 108(6) 1328-1372. 4. Fox, A. (1974) Beyond Contract: work, power and trust relationships. London: Faber 5. Josserand, E., Villesà ¨che, F. Bardon, T., (2012) Being an active member of a corporate alumni network: a critical appraisal, pp. 31-55 6. Knights, D. and Roberts, J. (1982) The power of organisation or the organisation of power? Organisation Studies, 3(1): 47-63 7. Prasad, P. A. Prasad. (2000) Stretching the iron cage: The constitution and implications of routine workplace resistance. Organ. Sci. 11(4) 387 – 403 8. Russ, V., (1980) Positive and negative power; thoughts of the dialectics of power, Organizational studies 1/1:3-20 9. Rosen, M. (1988) You asked for it: Christmas at the bosses expense, Journal of Management Studies, 25(5): 463-480. Books 1. Brewis, J. (2007) Culture in Knights, D. and Willmott, H. (eds), Introducing Organizational Behaviour Management, Australia Thompson: 344-374. 2. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing & Organisations: An Introduction to †¨Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition, London, Sage (Chapter 6), pp. 224 3. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing & Organisations: An Introduction to †¨Theory and Practice, London, Sage (Chapter 4), pp. 133 4. Jermier, J. M., D. Knights, W. R. Nord, eds (1994) Power in organzations. Routledge, New York. 5. Thomas, R. (2009) Critical management studies on identity: Mapping the terrain. M. Alvesson, T. Bridgman, H. Willmott eds. The Oxford Handbook of Critical management studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 166-186 6. Peter, T. J., & Waterman, R.H. (1982) In Search for excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies. Warner Book, New York.